连续流动化学合成偶氮酚类染料
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新疆大学,化学学院

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Synthesis of azophenol dyes by flow chemistry
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College of Chemistry,Xinjiang University

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    摘要:

    利用连续流动化学技术以酚、芳胺和亚硝酸钠为起始原料(物质的摩尔量比为1:6:6),在无水乙醇和水的溶剂体系中,以三氟乙酸作为促进剂,在常温常压下以0.04 mL/min的流速反应4.2小时,通过重氮化与偶合串联反应制备了12种偶氮酚类染料。在底物普适性研究中,发现未取代苯胺和给电子取代的芳香胺与2-萘酚和间苯二酚均能以76%~99%产率合成偶氮酚染料。利用核磁共振(NMR)波谱对产物结构进行了表征。稳定性操作实验表明,此合成方案稳定性高,具有一定的工业化应用前景。传统釜式合成工艺存在诸多问题,如重氮盐稳定性差易分解,反应体系温度较难控制,有爆炸风险,合成效率低且操作繁琐。该法通过在微反应器中生成重氮盐后原位与酚类化合物偶合得到偶氮酚染料,避免了大量生成不稳定的重氮盐而带来的爆炸风险和生成副产物的不足。同时,绿色溶剂的使用降低环境污染风险,能够简化流程、降低成本,提升合成效率。

    Abstract:

    Twelve azophenol dyes were prepared by the tandem reaction of diazotization and coupling, using continuous flow chemistry technology with phenols, arylamines and sodium nitrite (molar ratio of 1:6:6) as starting materials, in a mixed solvent of ethanol and water, and with trifluoroacetic acid as a promoter. In substrate universality studies, it was demonstrated that both unsubstituted aniline and various electron-donating aromatic amines could efficiently undergo diazotization and subsequent coupled with 2-naphthol and resorcinol under mild reaction conditions. A series of azophenol dyes were obtained in the isolated yields of 76%~99% under optimized continuous flow conditions (0.04 mL/min flow rate) for 4.2 hours. The structures of the products were characterized and confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The stability operation experiment shows that this synthesis scheme has high stability and certain industrial application prospects. The traditional batch synthesis process has many problems. For example, diazonium salts are unstable and prone to decomposition, the temperature of the reaction system is difficult to control, there is an explosion risk, the synthesis efficiency is low, and the operation is cumbersome. In this method, after the diazonium salt was generated in the microreactor, it is in situ coupled with phenolic compounds to obtain azophenol dyes, avoiding the explosion risk caused by the large-scale generation of unstable diazonium salts and the drawback of producing by-products. At the same time, the use of green solvents reduces the environmental pollution risk, can simplify the process, reduce the cost, and improve the synthesis efficiency.

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张琳,王颜献,陈睿,刘晨江,张永红.连续流动化学合成偶氮酚类染料[J].精细化工,2026,43(1):

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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-27
  • 最后修改日期:2025-04-07
  • 录用日期:2025-03-07
  • 在线发布日期: 2026-01-16
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