To enhance the practical application of activated carbon (AC) in dye wastewater treatment, this study prepared a porous Eucommia rubber fiber membrane (P-EF) via electrospinning and further loaded hydrogen peroxide-modified activated carbon (HMAC) to develop a high-efficiency adsorption material (P-EF-HMAC). Adsorption performance tests revealed that the maximum adsorption capacity of P-EF-HMAC for methylene blue (MB) at 298.15K reached 230.8 mg/g. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that the adsorption process adhered to a pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption isotherms were consistent with the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous, with an enthalpy change (ΔHθ) of 13.94 kJ/mol. Cyclic experiments showed that the adsorption capacity of P-EF-HMAC remained at approximately 80% of its initial value after four adsorption-desorption cycles, demonstrating excellent stability and reusability. The fiber membrane can be readily separated and recovered without intricate procedures, providing an efficient, sustainable and convenient solution for dye wastewater treatment.