Silicon-based anodes are the most promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high theoretical specific capacity (4200 mAh g_^-1), but their inherent low electrical conductivity and the problem of large volume expansion during cycling limit their applications. In this study, three-dimensional silicon-carbon composites were successfully prepared as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries by a simple ball milling method and high-temperature calcination method. Nanosilica and graphite were used as the active materials, and clay was used as the binder. The three-dimensional silicon-carbon anode materials were obtained by calcination at high temperatures. The electrochemical performances of three-dimensional silicon-carbon anode materials with different silicon dopant amounts were separately investigated. The results show that the prepared 3D silicon-carbon anode material has a high reversible specific capacity of 1757.5 mAh g_^-1 with 96.7% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 100 mA g_^-1 current density when the silicon doping is 20%. A multiplication test was conducted, and the specific capacity of the electrode was restored to 91.6% of the initial multiplication rate, therefore, the 3D silicon-carbon anode material with 20% silicon doping has the best performance.