Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a type of biological electrochemical hybrid system that utilizes the oxidative metabolism of microorganisms to convert the energy from organic or inorganic compounds into electricity. MFCs with saving energy, reducing sludge generation and energy conversion has been widely concerned by researchers. Electrogenic microorganisms are the central of MFCs system because of screening and cultivation of high-efficiency electrogenic microorganisms playing an important role in promoting the electricity-producing performance of MFCs. Therefore, the electronic transfer mechanism, types of electrogenic microorganisms as well as the factors affecting the electric-producing microorganisms are summarized, and the latest research progress of the anode electrogenic microorganisms is reviewed. Additionally, the future research is prospected from the perspective of microorganisms to provide guidance for the application of electrogenic microorganisms in MFCs.