Electrospinning nanofiber membrane has the advantages of small pore size, high porosity and well fiber uniformity, which makes it show great application potential in the fields of air filtration and personal protection. This paper briefly introduces the principle, equipment and technological parameters of electrospinning and summarizes the latest research results at home and abroad on the preparation of high-efficiency, low-resistance and functional new air filter materials (antibacterial, degradable, hydrophobic and high-temperature resistant functions) by electrospinning in recent years. The existing problems in existing research and future research development directions are analyzed and discussed.